The human skin is gifted with a cell structure that acts an insulating layer between the ridges and the capacitor. For the valleys, the air filled in the gap behaves as an insulator. Insulator present between the capacitor plates is a non-conductive material i.e. it restricts the flow of electric current through it.Each cell in the semiconductor is approximately the size of an individual ridge’s thickness. The sensor first turns voltage of the system to zero by switching off the reset switch for each cell. This is done to "even out” the voltage across the circuit. Then, the sensor applies a specified voltage value to the circuit after opening the reset switch for each cell.The voltage applied by the sensor charges the capacitor plates. The third capacitor i.e. our fingers could be moved above the sensor, thereby, altering the total value of the capacitance of the conductor plates. The value of capacitance between the ridges and the conductor plate will more be than that between the valley and the plate, why? This is because if the distance between the capacitor plates is decreased the capacitance increases. We can’t join them together, by the way.

There is a sure shot difference between the capacitance below the ridges and the valleys which help the scanner to detect whether the region above a cell is a ridge or a valley. Following similar steps – analysing capacitance for the complete array of cells – the fingerprint scanner figures out a general pattern of our ridges and valleys helping it to come up with an image of our fingerprint.During the authentication process, the newly obtained fingerprint is compared with a previously stored version in order to provide access to a device or a building. One advantage of the Capacitance finger scanners over the Optical ones is that it can’t be fooled using a visual impression of your fingerprints, a real finger is required. The worst case scenario would be someone chopping off your finger.

These scanners work on similar technology used by the ultrasonologists to get a sneak-peak into a mom-to-be’s baby bump. The piezoelectric transducer fitted inside the scanner throws ultrasonic pulses – sound waves having the frequency higher than the human audible range – on the finger placed above it. The waves reflect back to the sensor which are then analysed to create a digital image of the fingerprint.I told you earlier, your god gifted skin is designed to hold a charge. But a worthy addition to this is that your fingerprint characteristics are present deep inside your fingers – on the dermal layer of your skin – which helps the Ultrasonic scanner to get your finger photos even if your prints are rubbed out, scratched or dirty. This is contrary to what we’ve seen in the case of Optical scanners.

It is obvious that the reflected ultrasonic wave would have different intensity level than the one transmitted, mostly reduced as some amount of the pulse gets absorbed into the skin. The intensity levels are different for waves reflected from ridges and valleys. The Ultrasonic sensor calculates the change in intensity level for reflected pulses from different points on the finger and creates an image of your fingerprints.The Le Max Pro smartphone houses an ultrasonic sensor known as Sense ID. Manufactured by the Snapdragon-maker Qualcomm, the finger sensor stores all of its data on a separate chip included in the device which acts as a preventive measure for stopping evil minds from stealing confidential data.

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Other Aspects of fingerprint scanners:
Fingerprint recognition is the most prominent application of Biometrics. It has been since the year 1891 when an Argentine anthropologist Juan Vucetich used to collect fingerprints of criminals. The pre-historic origins date back to 200 BC, when China’s Qin Dynasty used to keep handprint records as an evidence during the burglary investigation. Juan’s fingerprint archive helped in successful identification of Francisca Rojas as the killer in an 1892 double murder case. Rojas had killed her two children before cutting her own throat to put blame on some outsider.During the early stages of fingerprint recognition, manual comparison of fingerprints was done for identification of the prints. The biggest advantage of having fingers (and fingerprints) is that you can’t forget them and no one can guess them either, unlike the complex passwords you set for your email accounts. Hopefully, your prints don’t get rubbed off or peeled by some psychopath. That would be the worst way to lose your fingerprints and maybe your fingers also.

Optical scanners are the easiest to fool, just by showing an image of your fingerprints. Not literally, but in the Discovery Channel show MythBusters, the hosts Jamie Hyneman and Adam Savage managed to get a sensor acceptable photographic form of the fingerprints taken from a hand. Capacitance scanners do offer some added advantage but one could use a mould of your fingers to get past the security system. Modern finger sensors do have heart rate and pulse detectors which enhance the level of security. Anyways, if a person manages to steal your unique ridge-valley pattern somehow then all you can do is hope for the best.A concept of "Cancelable biometrics” was proposed by N. K. Ratha, J. H. Connell, and R. M. Bolle in their research paper "Enhancing security and privacy in biometrics-based security systems” published in IBM Sytems Journal in 2001.

Cancelable biometrics refers to the intentional and systematically repeatable distortion of biometric features in order to protect sensitive user-specific data. If a cancelable feature is compromised, the distortion characteristics are changed, and the same biometrics is mapped to a new template, which is used subsequently. Cancelable biometrics is one of the major categories for biometric template protection purpose besides biometric cryptosystem.
So, a fingerprint recognition system allows only the authorised users to gain access to a device or premises rather an authorised ID card which can be misused by anyone. RFID Tags can also be used to address needs of such kind, but for that, you would have to get a glass-capsuled RFID chip injected in your hand.

The ease of access facilitated by Biometrics is commendable. In the case of a fingerprint scanner, all we have to do is swipe our finger on the sensor. But the question about privacy and safety of the users is a matter of concern. We can’t turn deaf ears towards a matter of sensitive nature. A person who takes advantage of Biometric authentication devices might have to pay some irreparable damages which can’t be reversed using the money.Take an example of an everyday PC with 2 GB of RAM, it would be enough to just keep the computer up and running with basic operations like using the internet, watching movies and some photo editing using paint. Let’s say, you want to play a high bitrate video or an x265 encoded video then you’ll have to add some more RAM, at least, bump it up to 4GB. The amount of RAM can be considered as proportional to how stuffy application you are using. The case is similar for games, 4GB will be sufficient enough for average games and even some heavy games at low settings.

RAM requirements for high-end games like Quantum Break specifying 16GB as recommended will decrease the weight of your pocket. The price difference is not much visible between 8 GB and 4 GB RAM chips but for the larger 16 gig RAM, you’ll have to shell out some extra bucks. For casual gamers, 4GB would also work fine giving you a satisfaction that your PC can play the latest games, provided, you have a good processor. You’ll be able to smash the pedestrians off the road in GTA5 or play with axes, spears, and clubs in Far Cry Primal set in 10,000BC. Multitasking with Fallout 4, Adobe Premier CC, and some browser tabs open in the background would definitely leave your PC to suffocate for a few seconds even if it has an 8GB RAM under the hood.

Now, another question that comes to our mind is the speediness of the RAM? Definitely, the new DDR4 is faster than the old DDR3, and DDR5 may be a common sight in near future. Clearly, speed has its advantages but it doesn’t contribute much difference when it comes to delivering performance, and I am talking about games here. This is because a different type of memory, known as video RAM or GDDR is used for the games. This type of memory – used to process graphic elements in the games – comes in discrete graphics cards like those from Nvidia and AMD. These power hungry graphics cards do deliver a stunning level of detail and high FPS but they also generate a lot of heat and squeeze your battery (if you’re using a laptop) while doing so. For integrated graphics cards, some of your system RAM is utilized as video memory but it isn’t able to deliver the level of performance as by the GDDR installed in discrete graphics cards. In this case, the speed of your RAM will be a definite consideration.

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So, that was the case for graphic intensive games. For games involving a lot of calculations, the RAM chips don’t have much part to play as all the math workout is done by the processor.The size of the RAM won’t bother you much if it satisfies the space requirements of the apps you’re using simultaneously. The basic use of Random Access Memory is to act as a temporary storage for your programs that are being executed by your computer. This is because RAMs are faster than your traditional rotating hard drives or even the Solid State Drives. If an 8GB RAM chip is able to occupy all of your running programs then the higher 16GB will only give you a slight performance increase.

So, do I need just 8GB RAM to play most games?
Last year, we wrote about the comparative tests conducted by TechSpot to find the difference between the 4GB, 8GB, 16GB RAM chips in similar performance environments and much difference was not observed in the case of 8GB and 16GB chips. However, the 4GB lagged behind, as expected. The 8GB and the 16GB chips had a neck to neck combat but one could easily conclude that the 8GB is the best of both worlds in terms of price and performance.Currently, most games are not designed to use 16GB memory chips as their minimum RAM requirement and thus, the 8GB chips are the most deserving candidates to fit in your computer. It will keep your computer future proof for the next 2 years approximately. So, next time you’re planning for a RAM upgrade or buying a new PC, don’t just add an excess amount of RAM as it won’t do any miracles.

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